Emissions of Waiting: Quantifying Avoidable CO2 from Unproductive Berth Time at Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55927/ijsmr.v4i9.151Keywords:
Ship emissions, Hotelling, Auxiliary engines, Port efficiency, Cold ironingAbstract
Ships emit a disproportionate share of their pollutants while alongside, yet emission abatement at Indonesian ports remains framed principally around fuel quality rather than around the duration for which engines run. This study estimates exhaust emissions from five vessels calling at Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang, using an activity-based bottom-up method in which fuel consumption is derived from engine power, load factor, operating time and specific fuel consumption, and converted to pollutant mass through emission factors for CO, NOx, HC, TSP, SO2 and CO2. Set against published port service time statistics, in which Not Operational Time constitutes 20.03 of 79.89 hours of berthing time, the study estimates that approximately 6.4 tonnes of CO2 per call are emitted during periods in which no cargo work occurs but auxiliary engines continue to run. The study concludes that berth productivity is an emissions variable rather than solely a commercial one, and that scheduling reform offers an abatement pathway available at negligible capital cost and complementary to shore power.
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