Literacy Intelligence Artificial Intelligence and Critical Thinking Skills in Higher Education: A Prediction Model Responsible Use of AI in EFL Students

Authors

  • Raudhatul Haura Islamic University of Kalimantan MAB Banjarmasin

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/ijsmr.v4i6.81

Keywords:

Literacy Intelligence Artificial, Thinking Critical, Responsible Use of AI Answer, EFL Students, SEM-PLS.

Abstract

Study This aim for analyze influence literacy intelligence artificial intelligence (AI literacy) and capabilities think critical to responsible use of AI answer to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in education high. Research use approach mixed methods with design sequential explanatory. Quantitative data collected of 350 EFL students and analyzed use statistics descriptive as well as Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The SEM-PLS results show that influential AI literacy positive and significant to responsible use of AI answer (β = 0.461; p < 0.001), as well as the ability think critical (β = 0.382; p < 0.001). The R² value of 0.648 indicates that second variables capable explains 64.8% of the variation responsible use of AI answer. Analysis qualitative identify four theme main, namely AI literacy, thinking critical, AI as tool help learning, as well as awareness to risk and ethics use of AI. Findings This confirm importance strengthening AI literacy and capabilities think critical for push ethical, critical, and responsible use of AI responsibility in education tall.

References

Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2025). Students' adoption and responsible use of generative artificial intelligence in higher education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100345.

Chen, Y., & Chen, J. (2025). Generative AI in EFL writing instruction for lower-intermediate learners: Do perceived affective gains translate to improved performance? Language and Education . Advance online publication.

Cox, A. M. (2024). Algorithmic literacy, AI literacy and responsible generative AI literacy. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 57 (1), 93–110.

Facione, P. A. (2020). Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts. Millbrae, CA: Insight Assessment.

Kasneci , E., Sessler, K., Küchemann , S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier , E., Krusche , S., Kutyniok , G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel , C., Pfeiffer, F., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., ... Kasneci , G. (2024). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103 , 102274.

Kohnke, L., Moorhouse, B. L., & Zou, D. (2024). Exploring generative artificial intelligence preparation among EFL learners and educators. RELC Journal, 55 (1), 3–17.

Larson, B. Z., Moser, C., Caza, A., Muehlfeld, K., & Colombo, L. A. (2024). Critical thinking in the age of generative AI. Academy of Management Learning & Education .

Miao, F., & Holmes, W. (2024). Guidance for generative AI in education and research . UNESCO.

Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2024). AI literacy: Definition, teaching, evaluation and ethical implications. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100171.

Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah , M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., & Agyemang, B. (2025). What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments, 12 (1), 1–24.

UNESCO. (2024). Generative AI in education and research: Global guidance for policy-makers . UNESCO Publishing.

Zhang, X., Teng, D., & Al- Samarraie, H. (2024). The mediating role of generative AI self-regulation on students' critical thinking and problem-solving. Education Sciences, 14 (12), 1302.

Zhang, Y., Liu, H., & Wang, X. (2025). Translanguaging with generative AI in EFL writing: Students' practices and perceptions. Journal of Second Language Writing, 67 , 101181.

Zou, D., Wang, R., Xie, H., & Cheng, G. (2025). Generative AI-assisted feedback and EFL writing: A study on proficiency, revision frequency and writing quality. Discover Education, 4 (170), 1–20.

Published

2026-06-29

Issue

Section

Articles